پژوهشنامه فلسفه دین (نامه حکمت)

نسل سوم نظریه‌های علم و دین: افق‌هایی نو برای رویکرد تعاملی

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسنده

پژوهشگر مرکز علم و الهیات، پژوهشکده مطالعات بنیادین علم و فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

بحث درباره رابطه علم و دین از نیمه دوم قرن بیستم، با تأسیس مجلات اختصاصی و کرسی‌های تدریس، نظام‌مندتر از قبل نزد فیلسوفان پی گرفته شد. طیف گوناگونی از نظریات در این باره ارائه شده‌اند، از نظریه‌هایی که رابطه‌ای ذاتی میان علم و دین قائل‌اند و آنها را با هم ذاتاً سازگار یا ناسازگار می‌دانند، تا دیدگاه‌هایی که با رویکرد نوع‌شناسانه حالات چندگانه میان علم و دین و ادلّه آنها را تشریح می‌کنند. اواخر قرن بیستم انتقاداتی از منظر جامعه‌شناختی و تاریخی به این دو نسل از نظریه‌ها ارائه شدند. طبق این نقدها، در نظریه‌های کلاسیک، پویایی، زمینه‌مندی، تکثر و ابعاد غیرمعرفتی علم و دین مغفول مانده است. در واکنش به چنین انتقاداتی، نسل سومی از نظریه‌ها ارائه شد که در آنها ابعاد اجتماعی علم و دین در کانون توجه بود. در مقاله حاضر به نظریه‌های استنمارک، لی، و کنتور، به عنوان سه نمونه از نظریه‌های نسل سوم، پرداخته می‌شود و ویژگی‌هایشان تحلیل خواهد شد. ادعای مقاله آن است که این نظریه‌ها سازگاری بهتری با واقعیات مرتبط با علم و دین دارند. همچنین دو اصل «پیوستگی تجربه انسانی» و «کنشگران مشترک علم و دین» در آنها پذیرفته شده‌ است، دو اصلی که دلالتی قوی به نفع امکان‌پذیری و اهمیت تعامل میان علم و دین دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The 3rd Generation of Science-Religion Theories: New Prospects for the Interactive Approach

نویسنده [English]

  • Zahra Zargar

Researcher at the Center of Theology and Science, Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

The science-religion relationship has been investigated more systematically since the middle of the 20th century. Many theories of different kinds were suggested in order to figure out this relation via analyzing the content and history of science and religion. The first generation of these theories presumed a constant determined essence for both science and religion. Thus, they described an inherent relationship of either conflict or coherence between them. While the second-generation theories found these essentialist views too simplistic, they articulated and categorized various possible relations between science and religion in a taxonomic manner. Still, in these theories, the cognitive and propositional dimensions of science and religion were dominant. In the 90s, by prioritizing the sociological and historical approaches in both science and religion studies, some new aspects of these studies emerged. Applied to science-religion relationship debates, these approaches criticized the former theories for denying dynamic, contextual, and non-epistemic aspects of both science and religion. As a response to the critiques, the third-generation theories were developed, in which the contextuality of science-religion relation took a focal place. In this paper, three cases of 3rd generation theories (Stenmark’s, Lee’s, and Cantor’s) are discussed. It is claimed that these recent theories have a better consonance with the relevant facts. Also, due to being grounded on the two principles of “Continuity of Human Experience” and “the Existence of Common Actors in Science and Religion”, these theories provide strong implications in favor of the possibility and importance of the science-religion interactive relationship.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Science-Religion Relationship
  • Conflict
  • Independence
  • Interaction
  • Sociology of Science and Religion  
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پژوهشنامه فلسفه دین (نامه حکمت)
دوره 20، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 40
مهر 1401
صفحه 153-176