از الهیات طبیعی تا طبیعت‌گرایی و بازگشت دوباره

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسنده
نیما نریمانی
استادیار پژوهشکده مطالعات بنیادین علم و فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
10.30497/prr.2026.249336.2065
چکیده
این مقاله به بررسی سیر تاریخی و تحلیلی تقابل میان خداباوری و طبیعت‌گرایی می‌پردازد و نشان می‌دهد که چگونه طبیعت‌گرایی، با تکیه بر دستاوردهای علوم جدید، به تدریج جایگزین الهیات طبیعی به عنوان جهان‌بینی غالب در فضای آکادمیک شد. این گذار از طریق چهار سطح چالش دنبال می‌شود: از تعارض علم با متون مقدس تا نفی فاعلیت و مشیت خاص الهی، انکار نیاز به آفریدگار پس از داروین، و نهایتاً تلاش برای تبیین طبیعت‌گرایانۀ کامل انسان. با این حال، استدلال اصلی مقاله این است که این پیروزی نهایی نیست. در دهه‌های اخیر، طبیعت‌گرایی خود با چالش‌های مفهومی و تجربی ژرفی روبرو شده که دو رکن اساسی آن (یعنی فیزیکالیسم و نفی غایتمندی حقیقی) را متزلزل می‌کند. از یک سو، در تبیین جهان انسانی، پدیده‌هایی همچون آگاهی (مسئلۀ دشوار)، حیث التفاتی، اراده آزاد و عقلانیت در برابر تقلیل‌گرایی فیزیکالیستی مقاومت می‌کنند. از سوی دیگر، پیش‌فرض‌های طبیعت‌گرایی دربارۀ جهان طبیعی نیز با یافته‌های جدید در کیهان‌شناسی (آغازمندی جهان و تنظیم ظریف) و زیست‌شناسی (پیچیدگی حیات و شواهد غایتمندی) به لرزه درآمده است. در نهایت، مقاله نتیجه می‌گیرد که این چالش‌ها نه تنها اعتبار طبیعت‌گرایی فراگیر را تضعیف می‌کنند، بلکه راه را برای بازگشتی دوباره به نوعی الهیات طبیعی متکی بر شواهد علمی و عقلانی هموار می‌سازند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
طبیعت‌گرایی
الهیات طبیعی
داروینیسم
علم مدرن
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

From Natural Theology to Naturalism, and Back Again

نویسنده English

Nima Narimani
Assistant Professor, Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

This paper investigates the historical and analytical trajectory of the confrontation between theism and naturalism. It demonstrates how naturalism, bolstered by the achievements of modern science, gradually supplanted natural theology as the dominant worldview in academia. This transition is traced through four historical stages: the conflict between science and sacred texts; the denial of divine agency; the post-Darwinian rejection of the necessity for a designer; and finally, the attempt to provide a purely naturalistic explanation of human nature. However, the central argument is that this victory is not definitive. In recent decades, naturalism has faced profound conceptual and empirical challenges that undermine its fundamental pillars. On the one hand, in the realm of human existence, phenomena such as consciousness (the “hard problem”), intentionality, free will, and rationality resist physicalist reductionism. On the other hand, naturalistic assumptions regarding the physical world have been shaken by new findings in cosmology (the origin of the universe and fine-tuning) and biology (biological complexity and evidence of teleology). Ultimately, the article concludes that these challenges not only erode the credibility of comprehensive naturalism but also pave the way for a resurgence of natural theology grounded in scientific and philosophical evidence.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

naturalism
natural theology
Darwinism
modern science
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