Philosophy of Religion Research
The Metaphysical Possibility of Effective Petitionary Prayer
Document Type : Original Research
Author
Ph. D. Graduate in Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Some philosophers do not accept the opinion that God answers petitionary prayer and therefore makes it effective, because effective prayer is not compatible with some of God's attributes such as Immutability, Perfect Goodness, Omnipotence, Omniscience, moral perfection, etc. This paper focuses on examining the metaphysical claim of the possibility of effective petitionary prayer. First, two arguments against the efficacy of petitionary prayer are presented and then criticized. These two arguments respectively presuppose that “God is Perfect Goodness,” and “God always wants to do what is good and is always able for that.” Criticizing the first argument, Michael Murray believes that there are outweighing goods that God can secure by making provision of certain other (lesser) goods depend on petitionary prayer, outweighing goods which in fact outweigh the good of providing the thing asked for unconditionally. Daniel and Frances Howard-Snyder defeat the second argument by asserting that (1) asking God to do something can change the moral status of His doing it, and (2) God’s bringing about a state of affairs in response to a petitionary prayer is sometimes better than the alternatives. Second, the paper deals with the third argument against the efficacy of petitionary prayer which is based on the proposition “God acts in accordance with expediency.” To respond to this objection, using the tripartite division of the relation between petitionary prayer and expediency proposed by Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi, it is shown that there is a third alternative in which the actualization of an expediency can be owing to a petitionary prayer. At the last part of the paper these points are elucidated: effective and actual petitionary prayer, as a casual factor, is beyond a mere language communication; petitionary prayer, according to its kind and level, provides a range of weak to strong reasons for God; and finally, petitionary prayer, besides providing a reason for God’s act, also affects the value and expediency of what is prayed for.
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