Philosophy of Religion Research
Naturalism
Document Type : Original Research
Author
Assistant Professor of Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Quine's article entitled "Epistemology Naturalized", published in 1969 had great influence on epistemological studies' trend. Classic epistemology has great emphasis on skepticism and justification and requires epistemic obligations for attaining knowledge. For example, requiring epistemic obligations in Descartes and Carnap's thoughts is seen. This normative view to epistemology in Quine's thought is inefficient; instead he suggests replacement of descriptive view to epistemology. In his view, epistemology is not prior to science, but vice versa. Criticizing this Quine's view, Kim believes and argues that eliminating normative dimension of epistemology is impossible. Kim's argument is challenged by others like Campbell. In this article, Quine's view is examined and concluded that although, in a sense Quine's claim is acceptable, but it could not be accepted as true theory as a whole.
Keywords
ابنسینا، حسینبنعبدالله (1363)، الشّفاء، الالهیّات، راجَعَهُ و قَدَّمَ لَهُ الدّکتور ابراهیم مدکور، تحقیق الاستاذَیْنِ الأب قنواتی، سعید زائد، تهران: انتشارات ناصر خسرو، چاپ اوّل.
ارسطو، منطق ارسطو (اُرگانون) (1378)، ترجمة دکتر میرشمسالدّین ادیبسلطانی، تهران: مؤسّسهی انتشارات نگاه.
Almeder, Robert (1998), Harmless Naturalism: The Limits of Science and the Nature of Philosophy, Peru, Illinois: Open Court.
Armstrong, D.M. (1973), Belief, Truth and Knowledge, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Austin, J.L. (1962), Sense and Sensibilia, ed. G. Warnock, Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
Ayer, A. J. (1956), The Problem of Knowledge,London: Macmillan.
BonJour, Laurence (1994), "Against Naturalized Epistemology", Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XIX.
Bradie, M. (1989), "Evolutionary Epistemology as Naturalized Epistemology", In Issues in Evolutionary Epistemology, eds. K. Hahlweg and C.A. Hooker, State University of New York press.
Campbell, D. T. (1974), "Evolutionary Epistemology," in P.A. Schilpp (ed.) The Philosophy of Karl Popper I. LaSalle, Ill: Open Court.
Carnap, R. (1928), Der logische Aufbau der Welt, Berlin-Schlachtensee: Weltkreis-Verlag; trans. R. George, The Logical Structure of the World, Berkeley, CA: University of California.
ــــــــــــ (1934), Logische Syntax der Sprache, Vienna: Springer; trans. A. Smeaton, The Logical Syntax of Language, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co..
Chisholm, Roderick M. (1966), Theory of Knowledge,Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice – Hall.
Davidson, D. (1973), "Radical Interpretation", Dialectica 27; repr. in D. Davidson (1984) Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation, Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
DeRose, K. and Warfield, T. ed. (1999), SkepticismOxford UP.
Descartes, R. (1637), Discours de la méthode pour bien conduir sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sciences plus la dioptrique, les meteores, et la geometrie, qui sont des essais de cete methode (Discourse on the Method for Properly Conducting Reason and Searching for Truth in the Sciences, as well as the Dioptrics, the Meteors, and the Geometry, which are essays in this method), in vol. 1 of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, ed. and trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, D. Murdoch and A. Kenny, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ــــــــــــ (1641), Meditationes de prima philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), in vol. 2 of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, ed. and trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, D. Murdoch and A. Kenny, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984-9.
ــــــــــــ (1620-c.28) Regulae ad directionem ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind), in vol. 1 of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, ed. and trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, D. Murdoch and A. Kenny, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984-91
Foley, Richard (1994), "Quine and Naturalized Epistemology," Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XIX.
Fumerton, Richard (1994), "Skepticism and Naturalistic Epistemology," Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XIX.
Gettier, Edmond L. (1963), “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”, Analysis, Vol. 23, No. 6.
Goldman, Alvin (1979), "What is Justified Belief?", in G. Pappas, ed., Justification and Knowledge: New Studies in Epistemology, Dordrecht, Reidel.
Haack, Susan (1993), Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology, Oxford: Blackwell.
Harman, G. (1986), Change in View: Principles of Reasoning, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hume, D. (1748, 1751), Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. L.A. Selby-Bigge and P.H. Nidditch, (1978), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kim, Jaegwon (1988), "What is Naturalized Epistemology?" Philosophical Perspectives 2 edited by James E. Tomberlin, Asascadero, CA: Ridgeview Publishing Co..
Kornblith, Hilary (1999), "In Defense of a Naturalized Epistemology" The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, edited by John Greco and Ernest Sosa, Malden, Ma: Blackwell.
Locke, J. (1975), An Essay concerning Human Understanding, ed. P.H. Nidditch, Clarendon Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Neurath, O. (1983), Philosophical Papers 1913-1946, ed. R.S. Cohen and M. Neurath, Dordrecht: Reidel.
Nozick, R. (1981), Philosophical Explanations, Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
Plantinga, Alvin (1982), "The Reformed Objection to Natural Theology", Christian Scholar’s Review 11, no. 3.
ــــــــــــ (2000), Warranted Christian Belief, New York: OxfordUniversity Press.
Quine, W.V.O. (1990), "Norms and Aims" The Pursuit of Truth, Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press.
ــــــــــــ (1969), Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press.
ــــــــــــ (1960), Word and Object, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
ــــــــــــ (1951), "Two Dogmas of Empiricism", Philosophical Review 60.
ـــــــــــ (1969), "Epistemology Naturalized", in Ontological Relativity & Other ssays, New York: Columbia University Press.
Rozeboom, William (1967), "Why I Know So Much More Than You do", American Philosophical Quarterly, 4.
Wilson, N. (1959), "Substances without substrata", Review of Metaphysics 12.
)